For the Alliance, 2008 has been a fairly difficult year: while the Bucharest summit was satisfactory, particularly with the adoption of a commitment to Afghanistan, the war in Georgia put a question mark over an unstable equilibrium because of its repercussions not only on the ongoing process of enlargement but also on issues such as ballistic missile defence or even Kosovo. As for France, it continues along the path of rapprochement and the debate on defence centres around NATO.